Archive for the 'Linux in Education' Category



The Old Thesis

I found my old thesis from 1976. It shows the state of IT where I was. Computing was on a Digital Equipment Corporation PDP 15 and a mainframe from IBM or Amdahl.

Horrible things done horribly expensively:

  • original manuscript was done by me on an ancient Underwood upright with a cloth ribbon,
  • second and third drafts were on an IBM Selectric by a paid typist,
  • mathematical formulae were entered by hand,
  • drawings were done by me by hand with pen and ink,
  • font? What’s a font?
  • computer printouts include output from an ASR TeleType and a CalComp ball-point plotter, and
  • typos were somewhat tolerated because the whole page had to be retyped or erased piece-wise. Same for full-justification. That would have been another pass through the typist…

So, indeed, I did IT in the Dark Ages and do appreciate what we now do routinely with PCs and the web. This thesis was written in 1976 when PCs were still a glint in the eyes of imaginative people. This thesis would have been written in 1/10th the time and for much less cost these days. I spent 4 years on my Master’s programme. These days, students do that in six months, partly due to advances in personal computing, the web, search engines and peripheral devices.

If I had it to do all over again, I could do it all with Debian GNU/Linux and it would be a beautiful sight.

To make you smile or frown, read “A Drift Chamber for Use at Low Energies” by Robert Pogson (7MB – md5=2f77f2afc1ad8e851123513cdd50d32b. You don’t need Acrobat Reader to read it although that will work… GNU/Linux ships with many FLOSS readers. I like xpdf but then I do everything on Debian GNU/Linux.

Here’s one of the figures…

UPDATE Google has read the PDF and OCRed it. It’s pretty ugly, the quality of the work, photocopied and scanned is just too poor. It does allow the thesis to be searched by keyword, however, which is a good thing. I guess I will rescan at higher resolution or create a second edition…

- Robert Pogson

Building Computer Labs for Free

I found an article about a teacher building a computer lab on $0. That’s mostly what I did for years refurbishing whatever PCs were in storage or not being used in schools where I taught. GNU/Linux is very flexible and installs on a wide variety of machines without concerns about drivers for the particular machine since most drivers needed to boot are part of the Linux kernel.

“With the help of his local LUG, he got Linux up and running on his 18 donated machines. Suddenly, they were fast. They were clean. They worked well in the classroom. Robert was invigorated, as were his students.”

Of course there are challenges particularly for a newbie to GNU/Linux not knowing how to do much at first but it’s all been done before and Google is your friend. Apparently this guy set up thick clients which is OK but there’s nothing better than LTSP for schools if at least one decent/modern/resourceful machine is available. It’s found in several distros. e.g. Debian GNU/Linux.

It’s not difficult to get old/donated PCs in many places thanks to Wintel’s built-in obsolescence. The hard part is getting things like monitors, keyboards and mice which survive a step on the Wintel treadmill. Sometimes you just have to have a bit of money. I once equipped a whole school with fine HP USB keyboards with a hub and optical wheel mice for $10 a set. Some recyclers will donate equipment rather than having to dispose of its materials. That is a liability for a school in many places but it’s still cheaper than buying new.

Thanks to the flexibility of GNU/Linux and its licensing, schools have no excuse for not having one or more computer labs and some PCs in every classroom.

see How One Teacher Built a Computer Lab for Free | iFixit.

- Robert Pogson

Monoculture in Education

I was browsing this morning and came upon an advertisement for system administrator for a small northern Canadian school division. I was surprised to see that there was not a single mention of a GNU/Linux product involved, not even on servers. They were locked in securely to the Wintel world, even in their virtual machines.

I have worked in places like that a decade ago, but thought them totally obsolete by now. Even the most staid organizations see that GNU/Linux has its place, particularly in servers. I was working in one such place and was encouraged to give a presentation to all the IT people about rolling out a GNU/Linux server in each school. That was 2004. Eight years later, to still find M$-only shops still exist is surprising.

Since that time I have had very little push-back when I proposed complete or partial migration to GNU/Linux. It just makes so much sense in schools:

  • no per-unit licensing costs,
  • freedom to run the code on anything, and to distribute the code to everyone connected with the school, including students,
  • huge repositories of software for every application in education from file/print to sophisticated databases and collaboration applications installable in minutes,
  • no need to track “certificates of authenticity” or to allow software to “phone home”, and
  • complete control over every aspect of IT in the schools making the best use of hardware.

Why would any school make itself dependent on a monopoly bent on making money instead of educating students?

I recommend Debian GNU/Linux for schools. It’s the right way to do IT. Some examples of tools available in a few minutes on any server or PC in a GNU/Linux system:

GNU/Linux is so easy to set up in a school and it just works trouble-free for years unlike that other OS which requires constant updates and anti-virus to keep running and needs periodic re-installations. With GNU/Linux you will not be forced to upgrade your hardware and you can run it until it dies. That is really good for the budget and the taxpayers. In short there are no good reasons to use that other OS and plenty of good reasons to use GNU/Linux in education.

- Robert Pogson

BBC: A New ICT Curriculum

I have two conflicting views on top-down decisions in organizations like schools:

  1. sometimes the PHB messes up everything, or
  2. sometimes it’s necessary to break things.

School’s out on this one, literally. The UK is commanding a new curriculum in high school: More on a deeper understanding of how computers work and less on running non-Free software like that other OS, its office suite, PhotoShop TM etc. That makes sense to me. Throwing a bunch of teachers off the end of the dock to teach them to swim is doubtful. That technique works for technological sponges like me but good teachers who have been “preparing students for the workplace” may or may not do a good job of getting down to basics.

I rejoiced when the Western Canadian Provinces got together and revised the maths curriculum to use computers and calculators in teaching. I had been using computers in that role for 25 years but most teachers had never done it. They took two years of “professional development” to indoctrinate the teachers. The UK has given the teachers just months for radical change. I predict “uneven” results…

In ICT courses in Canada I have always been giving students the basics. I stretched “how to sit at a PC and turn it on” into disassembly/reassembly of ATX PCs with nomenclature and on-line shopping for parts… Instead of teaching them how to use M$’s office suite, I gave students a list of tasks to do with five different office suites and asked them to compare ease and performance. Instead of teaching students 300 features of Excel TM, I gave them real-world problems that could be solved several ways with spreadsheets and computer programming and had them learn the kinds of things that were better done with different methods. I exposed students to several spreadsheets and, yes, paper and pencil… Instead of limiting students to one PC with one hard drive, I showed them what they could do with thin clients, servers and clusters of servers, databases and web applications…

There’s just no reason to limit students to using pre-installed software from one supplier. I showed students how to install GNU/Linux on a PC and network several PCs. I had every student at least understand the basics of computer programming a few steps past “Hello, World!”. They all got to see how incredibly fast computers are compared to any other means of creating, finding, storing and presenting information.

Well, now the UK will catch up to my classroom. I hope my province pays attention. Manitoba is about ten years behind Alberta and Alberta is mostly fixated on M$’s stuff. Many jurisdictions still treat mathematics as a mental exercise and not something used to solve real problems. Many jurisdictions treat ICT as preparation to walk on the Wintel treadmill.

“Schools, he said, needed to ditch lessons on how to use Powerpoint in favour of getting the kids designing apps and learning to code.

The speech took ICT teachers by surprise and many are still no clearer about what is expected of them when schools return for a new academic year.”

I recommend schools use Debian GNU/Linux to teach ICT. It has a huge repository of Free Software meaning schools and students can install software on any number of PCs without restriction. There’s plenty of software there for anything in the new curriculum and tools to create more software.

See BBC News – How schools will boot up a new ICT curriculum.

- Robert Pogson

Schools Love GNU/Linux

I discovered GNU/Linux works well in schools in 2000. Many other schools have found the same thing repeatedly:

“Low cost and the ease of management are the main advantages”
I remember one of the last laboratories I set up. It was constantly being unavailable to larger classes because XP was freezing. Rather than struggle with XP, I installed a GNU/Linux terminal server and brought the count of working PCs up to 24 from 14. I even dusted off some ancient wrecks and made them work as thin clients. I kept dropping in on that lab to see if there were any problems. There never were. It just kept working like the Engergizer Bunny.

That’s what schools want, not slavery to M$, lock-in, re-re-reboots, BSODs, phoning home, inventories of “certificates of authenticity” and threats of software audits. Life is just so much simpler with GNU/Linux. I recommend Debian GNU/Linux because of its huge repository of software and package management system.

see Open source default choice for some Czech schools | Joinup.

- Robert Pogson

Thailand Hired a Factory in China to Make the World’s Largest Educational Tablet Distribution

While Malaysia and India have recently made deals with the Devil, Thailand had some good news for Free Software, distribution of one million tablets running Android/Linux are being cranked out by a factory in China over the coming months. The advantages of making such a large purchase direct from the factory are that economies of scale and the possibility of fixing problems that might arise make this very cost-effective.

“The $32.8 million One Tablet PC Per Child campaign (1.02 billion Thai Baht) is the world’s largest education tablet distribution deal to date, and finally became official after members of the Pheu Thai party announced the initiative last summer during election season. In partnership with the Chinese firm, Shenzhen Scope, 400,000 tablet units are expected to ship within the next 90 days with an additional 530,000 units on the way. The latter part of the deal is currently not finalized, but the country’s government hopes to continue working toward one million tablets for its students. If Thailand successfully pens the deal for the second shipment, the venture budget will come to a whopping $75.7 million sum for the entire program.”

via Thailand signs the world's largest educational tablet distribution deal | Digital Trends.

“”

- Robert Pogson

ELCOT PCs Being Stripped of That Other OS

One of the neat things about Google+ is that it’s a global forum where people from everywhere share information. I am keenly interested in how people in diverse lands use GNU/Linux. I have been following the adventures of ELCOT, an Indian governmental organizations spreading IT. They distributed many thousands of dual-boot PCs to students with both GNU/Linux and that other OS. It turns out that students are removing that other OS because it is a malware-magnet and because they can do what they do with GNU/Linux.
“the students, realised after using the two operating systems that, windows is prone to virus attacks and Linux is robust. :) and few educational institues also encouraged students to remove windows and to retain linux because the linux which comes with the free laptops are coming with some really good educational packs.”

I hope this information reaches the upper echelons of ELCOT so they will avoid wasting resources on that other OS. They have done many roll-outs of GNU/Linux and should have been aware there was no need for that other OS in Indian IT. I have been a student in organizations that used that other OS and was able to function better than my classmates because there were no artificial barriers between me and my PC. I could use it as a server, for instance, with no additional licence.

see https://plus.google.com/u/0/108596677475686018856/posts/LWa2mKMrASZ

- Robert Pogson

Joy in My Garden

This morning, just after sunrise, I went out to finish planting a border of juniper around two sides of my, now literally, walled garden. These are prunings from our old homestead. I just trim and plant. The ground is quite damp so I just shove in a shovel and bend the earth over to make a groove and stamp on it after inserting the cutting. I will water frequently and most of them will grow. The original planting at the old homestead was from prunings from an even earlier planting by a relative. Life goes on. One plants, and propagates.

Adding to my joy was a constant serenade from nearby yards of various songbirds. My yard is not yet sincere enough for them to live here but that will happen, if/when “the little woman” gets her shopping done… While finishing this step is joyful, the highlight was finding that one of two corn (maize) plantings has emerged. I expect the other to emerge shortly. I was worried that cold damp weather would have caused the seed to rot but emergence was just delayed, not stopped.

The same is true of my planting of GNU/Linux seeds all over northern Canada in schools. In every community where I have taught, about one every year, there will be people who know they have the choice of GNU/Linux and are empowered to make the choice when that other OS refuses to run or is overwhelmed by malware or they just want a new PC. In every community I taught students how to build a PC from parts and install GNU/Linux. They can service their own PCs which is vital in remote areas. I have introduced many teachers to GNU/Linux and they have moved on taking the knowledge of choice to other schools. There’s no telling how large this “crop” will be.

It’s the same all over the world. Teachers, students, governments and businesses are waking up to the value of FLOSS and how to use it. It will not be long before all OEMs and retailers will be serving a real and growing need for FLOSS systems. That will be a great harvest indeed.

- Robert Pogson

Another Canadian School Division Does IT the Right Way – GNU/Linux and Thin Clients

I have long advocated GNU/Linux plus thin clients be the keystone of IT in schools. There are lots of advantages:

  • easy, centralized control of all software and hardware,
  • easy and quick software updates,
  • less money spent on licensing software,
  • improved performance because of the superior hardware (storage, memory, CPU and networking) on servers,
  • FLOSS licensing, particularly the GPL, makes it easy to respect copyright while having very flexible IT, and
  • significant savings on hardware and power consumption.

A bunch of these are mentioned in an article by BC Hydro, but they mostly emphasize reduced power consumption because slowing the growth of electrical energy demand reduced capital outlay for the utility, and preserves the environment. PCs from a few years ago used 100W+ but a modern thin client can run at about 40W.

This is a good news story for FLOSS and education.

see BC Hydro – Saanich schools save big with diskless computers.

- Robert Pogson

Knowledge Should Be Free

When a father teaches his son how to “hunt” or a mother teaches her children how to get along with people, there is no price attached to the transaction. The same goes for all knowledge. The world is a better place when people know more. That’s one of the reasons I love FLOSS(Free/Libre Open Source Software) because you are allowed to know anything and everything about the software. No one keeps secrets in FLOSS.

With FLOSS, one acquires with a licence the right to use, examine, modify and copy the software. That’s knowledge for $0. That’s knowledge with no strings attached. That’s how IT should be.

Educators know this too and with the low operational cost of educational transactions on-line, it’s the right way to do education as well. Some major universities are collaborating to offer some courses on-line for $0, making the world a better place, one educated person at a time.

see Harvard, MIT to partner in $60 million initiative to offer free online classes to all – Metro Desk – Local news updates from The Boston Globe

- Robert Pogson

Mind-sets in Software

Some personal history about software:

  • first software written by me in Fortran II-d on IBM 1620 (BCD computer made with germanium transistors and magnetic core memory), fall 1968,
  • first use of GNU/Linux by me, fall 2000, and
  • first realization that FLOSS was the right way to do IT, fall 2003.

My early career in IT was about number-crunching, using computers as programmable calculators on various data-sets related to science and technology. As a physicist, I began to write software to automate data-collection as well. I applied what I knew to personal activities like photography and ballistics and building my first house with “the little woman”.

My latest career was teaching and it was natural to use IT to collect and analyze data on the performance of students but also to use IT for teaching and later to teach students how to do IT for their lives. Before I used GNU/Linux I owned a variety of PCs, some home-built but I used DOS and Lose 3.1 on them. After a few years I was using Lose ’95 in a classroom and the damned machines were frequently crashing, just like Bill Gates’ experience (He laughed. I didn’t.). I switched to Caldera GNU/Linux and was suddenly and dramatically free of crashes.

I used GNU/Linux ever since in my classrooms wherever and whenever I could “get away” with it. That was the usual case. In 2003, however, things changed again. I was not only to teach computer-subjects to students but I had my first computer lab with 1:1 student:PC ratio. We started with Lose ’98 but I soon used my personal computer to run the whole lab by LTSP! The students and I were amazed to see 30 students running all their applications on one ordinary PC running GNU/Linux and not crashing. It was faster, too. Then, when I actually taught Computer Science, it dawned on me, that FLOSS was the right way to do IT.

Teaching/learning is identical to the FLOSS process of writing software/learning to write software. It’s the right way to do IT. Instead of having students watch, learn and write software as assignments. I gave them open-ended projects that could grow. I challenged them to explore different strategies, software designs and to share all their work with each other. Just like Metcalfe’s Law (the power of a network varies as the square of the number of nodes…) the power of a class of students using FLOSS this way is huge. Brilliant ideas emerge from classes of ordinary students. Students learn to analyze any problem into chunks of reasonable size. They learn what doesn’t work, what works better and to choose what works best in writing and using software. It’s a natural fit and brings the real world into the classroom making everything fit. The subject matter includes the students. It is not something artificial imposed on them.

We had some fun times over the years with FLOSS. Whether it was writing tic-tac-toe as a class or having contests to install LAMP quicker than the other guy, everything was easy and the students did most of the work. I lead, followed or got out of their way. Even students who were scheduled against their will to be in my class found interesting stuff to do. Nothing was sacred. We designed and built PCs, software, and networks of PCs, quicker, faster, and cheaper using FLOSS. It has been and continues to be a great adventure.

What set this off was another writer’s revelation of how he learned the exciting concept of changing things that it FLOSS. see Phil Shapiro – OpenSource.org – “The day my mind became open sourced”
It’s a good read and conveys the message clearly. FLOSS is the right way to do IT. It’s something the trolls who comment here have not learned. They haven’t really understood or valued the process. FLOSS is not something dark and evil inside a black box. FLOSS is a living thing interacting with its environment. Non-FREE software is another thing entirely. Some of the greatest frauds of my lifetime have been perpetrated by the likes of M$, seeking to put people and their PCs into sealed boxes so they can collect money for granting people the freedom they already have to run, examine, modify and distribute software.

I recommend Debian GNU/Linux. Not only is it Free Software but the organization is very open and the APT package manager allows managing any number of PCs and servers much easier.

- Robert Pogson

Christmas Was Good For GNU/Linux In Kenya

There was a major increase in share for GNU/Linux in Kenya over Christmas. Whether this is due to shopping for Christmas or some roll-out by government/business, it is huge, more than doubling in a short time and being several times the size of African share according to NetApplications:

Last year, Kenya decided to increase use of GNU/Linux in schools based on cost. Perhaps that plan is bearing fruit. Unfortunately, their Task Force Report recommends 1 PC per 15 students, not nearly enough.

- Robert Pogson



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My Mission

My observations and opinions about IT are based on 40 years of use in science and technology and lately, in education. I like IT that is fast, cost-effective and reliable. I do not care whether my solution is the same as yours. I like to think for myself.

My first use of GNU/Linux in 2001 was so remarkably better than what I had been using, I feel it is important work to share GNU/Linux with the world. I have been blessed by working in schools where students and school systems have benefited by good, modular software easily installed in most systems.

I have shown GNU/Linux to thousands of students and hundreds of teachers over the years and will continue in some way doing that until I die in spite of the opposition.

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